In his introduction to THE BOOK OF RUMI, Johnathan Star writes, “The goal of Sufism is to know love in all of its glorious forms; and every prophet, every practice, and every form of worship that leads toward love is, in essence, Sufism.” He subsequently quotes philosopher Ibn Arabi who wrote:
I follow the religion of Love
and go whichever way His camel leads me.
This is the true faith;
This is the true religion.
“...the religion of Love...” What an interesting way to put the view that Love is the god, the “true faith” and “true religion.” As a boy in the Lutheran church, I was taught that “God is Love.” How many of us define our faith by the love we show? Conversely, how many of us define our faith, or others’ faith as we perceive it, by the required behaviors and rules, and how they’re followed?
Last year, during Ramadan, I had lunch at a Persian restaurant, and I asked how it was that Muslim restaurateurs could serve meals during the time of fasting. I received the obvious answer: Some Muslims do not observe the rules that would prevent them from doing their work. Others, Muslims and non-Muslims, may judge that behavior as disobedience of the rules.
I thought about some of the other religious rules I know. For example, according to the Torah, Jews are supposed to avoid all work on the Sabbath: “Six days work shall be done, but on the seventh day you shall have a Sabbath of solemn rest, holy to the Lord. Whoever does any work on it shall be put to death.” (Exodus 35:2) Heard of any such deaths lately? Perhaps this rule is too strict to be enforced rigidly?
Then there’s the rule about selling your daughter into slavery: “If a man sells his daughter as a servant, she is not to go free as menservants do.” (Exodus 21:7) Know anyone who’s sold his daughter, or even been permitted to sell his daughter, into slavery? What loving father would ever do such a think?
Christians learn that women are to be silent in the church, and be obedient to their husbands: "Let your women keep silence in the churches: for it is not permitted unto them to speak; but they are commanded to be under obedience, as also saith the law. And if they will learn anything, let them ask their husbands at home: for it is a shame for women to speak in church." (I Corinthians 14:34-35) I prefer that women NOT keep silent in church, as some of my best teachers in churches (and out) have been women. As for obedience, both the Bible and the Qur’an contain rules about that.
More important, Christians are to love God and one another. "Teacher, which is the greatest commandment in the Law?" Jesus replied: " 'Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind.' This is the first and greatest commandment. And the second is like it: 'Love your neighbor as yourself.' All the Law and the Prophets hang on these two commandments." (Matthew 22:36-40) I know that I don’t obey these commandments completely. And I suspect that many of us make judgments about our neighbors’ love for God and one another too.
My point here is simply this: Ibn Arabi’s writing that, “Love is the true faith and true religion” is quite obviously what Jesus commands us to do. I’m sure Jesus would have endorsed Arabi’s words. Perhaps, after all, Jesus was a Sufi?
Wednesday, March 31, 2010
Tuesday, March 2, 2010
Homosexuality in the Abrahamic Traditions
Loved or hated? Accepted or rejected? The story of Lot and the destruction of Sodom is told in Genesis 19, in Judaism’s Torah. Moreover, Leviticus 18:22 reads (in the Contemporary English Version), “It is disgusting for a man to have sex with another man.” This is repeated at Leviticus 20:13, but in that verse, the death penalty is added: “...and those who do will be put to death, just as they deserve.” Recall that Leviticus was written about 1400 B.C.E. when the Israelites were in the desert, having just escaped from Egypt. “In practice, the death penalty has not been practiced in Judaism for over 2,000 years.” (See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_views_on_homosexuality retrieved 3 February 2010)
In Islam, homosexuals (called qaum Lut, the "people of Lot") are condemned in the story of Lot's people in the Qur'an (15:73; 26:165). Of the four legal schools in Islam, at least two would punish homosexuals as adulterers. In fact, since its Islamic revolution, the Iranian government has executed more than 4000 people charged with homosexual acts. (See http://www.religionfacts.com/homosexuality/islam.htm, retrieved 31 January 2010)
While many Christians welcome gays, others definitely do not. Perhaps you saw this news story: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/04/world/africa/04uganda.html?scp=1&sq=uganda%20homosexual&st=cse ((retrieved 31 January 2010) “Last March, three American evangelical Christian preachers, whose teachings about ‘curing’ homosexuals have been widely discredited in the United States, arrived here in Uganda’s capital to give a series of talks...The theme of the event, according to Stephen Langa, its Ugandan organizer, was ‘the gay agenda — that whole hidden and dark agenda’ — and the threat homosexuals pose to Bible-based values and the traditional African family.”
Those American preachers said they never meant to “help stoke the kind of anger” that led “a previously unknown Ugandan politician, who boasts of having evangelical friends in the American government, [to introduce] the Anti-Homosexuality Bill of 2009, which threatens to hang homosexuals...” Perhaps they didn’t mean it, but the connection between their presentations and the Ugandan bill looks quite direct.
From my personal perspective, those three Americans, and the Ugandan, hold extreme views, and preach and act on those extreme views. I don’t understand what “threat” homosexuals pose to Bible-based values and the traditional family, but I do understand the threat extremists pose to homosexuals.
Apparently some American Christians want to put homosexuals to death too. Frederick Clarkson describes one movement or philosophy, called “Christian Reconstructionism, whose founders favor executing (exterminating) homosexuals.
“Reconstructionism is a theology that arose out of conservative Presbyterianism (Reformed and Orthodox), which proposes that contemporary application of the laws of Old Testament Israel, or ‘Biblical Law,’ is the basis for reconstructing society toward the Kingdom of God on earth...Generally, Reconstructionism seeks to replace democracy with a theocratic elite that would govern by imposing their interpretation of Biblical Law...So severe is this theocracy that it would extend capital punishment beyond such crimes as kidnapping, rape, and murder to include, among other things, blasphemy, heresy, adultery, and homosexuality." (http://www.publiceye.org/magazine/v08n1/chrisre1.html, retrieved 31 January 2010)
Homosexual people continue under threat in some branches of Islam and Christianity; and their status in Judaism varies, depending on whether the group is Orthodox, Conservative or Reformed. We must be watchful, ready to act to prevent the application of “Biblical Law” against gay and lesbian citizens.
The common ground? The liberal subgroups of each of the three Abrahamic traditions express more tolerance for homosexual people and homosexuality than do the conservatives.
In Islam, homosexuals (called qaum Lut, the "people of Lot") are condemned in the story of Lot's people in the Qur'an (15:73; 26:165). Of the four legal schools in Islam, at least two would punish homosexuals as adulterers. In fact, since its Islamic revolution, the Iranian government has executed more than 4000 people charged with homosexual acts. (See http://www.religionfacts.com/homosexuality/islam.htm, retrieved 31 January 2010)
While many Christians welcome gays, others definitely do not. Perhaps you saw this news story: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/04/world/africa/04uganda.html?scp=1&sq=uganda%20homosexual&st=cse ((retrieved 31 January 2010) “Last March, three American evangelical Christian preachers, whose teachings about ‘curing’ homosexuals have been widely discredited in the United States, arrived here in Uganda’s capital to give a series of talks...The theme of the event, according to Stephen Langa, its Ugandan organizer, was ‘the gay agenda — that whole hidden and dark agenda’ — and the threat homosexuals pose to Bible-based values and the traditional African family.”
Those American preachers said they never meant to “help stoke the kind of anger” that led “a previously unknown Ugandan politician, who boasts of having evangelical friends in the American government, [to introduce] the Anti-Homosexuality Bill of 2009, which threatens to hang homosexuals...” Perhaps they didn’t mean it, but the connection between their presentations and the Ugandan bill looks quite direct.
From my personal perspective, those three Americans, and the Ugandan, hold extreme views, and preach and act on those extreme views. I don’t understand what “threat” homosexuals pose to Bible-based values and the traditional family, but I do understand the threat extremists pose to homosexuals.
Apparently some American Christians want to put homosexuals to death too. Frederick Clarkson describes one movement or philosophy, called “Christian Reconstructionism, whose founders favor executing (exterminating) homosexuals.
“Reconstructionism is a theology that arose out of conservative Presbyterianism (Reformed and Orthodox), which proposes that contemporary application of the laws of Old Testament Israel, or ‘Biblical Law,’ is the basis for reconstructing society toward the Kingdom of God on earth...Generally, Reconstructionism seeks to replace democracy with a theocratic elite that would govern by imposing their interpretation of Biblical Law...So severe is this theocracy that it would extend capital punishment beyond such crimes as kidnapping, rape, and murder to include, among other things, blasphemy, heresy, adultery, and homosexuality." (http://www.publiceye.org/magazine/v08n1/chrisre1.html, retrieved 31 January 2010)
Homosexual people continue under threat in some branches of Islam and Christianity; and their status in Judaism varies, depending on whether the group is Orthodox, Conservative or Reformed. We must be watchful, ready to act to prevent the application of “Biblical Law” against gay and lesbian citizens.
The common ground? The liberal subgroups of each of the three Abrahamic traditions express more tolerance for homosexual people and homosexuality than do the conservatives.
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